When discussing the impact that AI has had on the equine industry, one must first understand the advantages it provides as well as the disadvantages. The sperm was from a fertile stallion. Equine semen does not tolerate cooling, freezing and the manipulation needed for processing as well as other species. So, more money will be spent to obtain somewhat lower pregnancy rates then that seen with natural breeding or breeding with fresh semen by artificial insemination.The following article discusses the logistics of using cooled semen, frozen semen and embryo transfer in order to provide a better understanding of each procedure.The first record of successful AI was in 1780 when an Italian scientist named Spallanzani bred a dog with freshly collected semen and later delivered three puppies from that mating.
The same trend was observed for maiden and barren mares and mares bred on foal heat. Therefore, at least one billion cells are shipped in a volume of 20 to 150 cc of extended semen.Calculations often are not done each collection and sending more than the minimum is OK.Perhaps the most common shipping container used is the Hamilton-Thorne Equitainer. Horses with laryngeal hemiplegia have paralysis of the arytenoid cartilage, which prevents them from abducting or opening their throat during inspiration. In addition, the handling of the semen is critical; failure to prepare it correctly as well as poor subsequent handling at the mare end can make the process very disappointing.
Preventing injury in breeding animals will therefore eliminate the need to perform AI as a means of circumventing injuries that make natural breeding risky.AI may also be used where the behavioral or temperament of the horses involved makes natural breeding risky due to the potential for injury to occur during the process. It consists of a group of cartilages that allow air to pass into the trachea and protect the airway during swallowing. Chilled semen can be transported, if used within 24 hours, and is viable for another 24 to 48 hours once the mare is inseminated. Finally, most extenders contain antibiotics to limit the growth of bacteria during storage. Mares may ovulate as quickly as 24 hours, as late as 48 hours after administration of hCG or they may not respond at all. The beef industry, for example, routinely uses frozen semen successfully, while the equine industry still struggles to find a way to achieve a satisfactory pregnancy rate with that approach. Involved in the study were 10 cyclic mares ranging in age from five to 15 years. It does not appear to be a valid concern. During the period when data were collected and analyzed, some 1,466 Standardbred mares classified as being "normal" were bred on the farm. This regime reduces the period of intensive monitoring and, with a maximum of 2 inseminations, it should be effective for most mares.
However, too little information is available to recommend this procedure with stallion semen. Motility of the semen after thawing is not always correlated with pregnancy rates and reliance on it as an indicator of fertility must be cautioned.Embryo transfer (ET), an advanced reproductive technology, has several potential uses in equine reproduction. After five services, the spread remained–82% pregnant for the Quarter Horses and 66% pregnant for the Thoroughbreds. True, some stallions do breed to a larger book than they would with natural cover, but in checking with a number of registries that approve the use of transported semen, it does not appear that one or two stallions dominate. Factors which increase the efficiency of the AI technique could result in higher pregnancy rates … Vaccinations and dewormings should be current.In order to achieve an acceptable pregnancy rate (more than 50 percent per cycle), the mare should be bred as near to ovulation as possible. The highest conception rates are achieved by using a full dose of frozen semen from stallions of known fertility in young mares of known fertility. A list of sources of horse semen extenders is provided in Table 1.The volume of extender to be added varies with the number of sperm cells in the ejaculate.
Laryngeal hemiplegia is caused by paralysis of one or both of these cartilages (called the arytenoid cartilage; Figure 1), due to lack of innervation causing atrophy to the muscle that moves the arytenoid cartilage. In either case it is extremely helpful if you know the specific idiosyncrasies of your mare’s estrous cycle, especially the number of days she is in heat and the size of the follicle that she ovulates.There are standards that the semen needs to meet to be considered of adequate quality. Young mares (2 years old) can have offspring through ET where otherwise this might not be a good idea. The fertility of frozen semen ranges from 0 – 70% per cycle due to the variability of the “freezability” of different stallions.
Foremost is the technology involved. By perusing the above, one quickly can conclude that there are a number of advantages to using artificial insemination and transported semen, and that these advantages have, and will continue to have, a positive effect on the equine industry. However, there also are some disadvantages to AI that should be articulated. These units cost between $200-$300 but are reusable, durable and proven. Standing endoscopy (or “scoping; Figure 2) can diagnose cases that are grade 3–4 and some cases that are grade 2. In this case, AI may be a means of preventing injury.*Wag! "Our current recommendation is to collect the stallion every other day and inseminate all mares that have been in estrus two days or longer, or when it has been determined by ultrasonography and/or rectal palpation that ovulation is imminent." Progeny testing with AI also is a valuable asset. Only then did your veterinary surgeon earn the title of ACVS Diplomate.Laryngeal hemiplegia is a disease that affects the upper airway in horses. Additionally, laryngeal ultrasound can be used to evaluate the density of laryngeal muscle fibers to determine if they are correctly innervated. The number is far fewer at most farms.
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